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Köchel catalogue

jovan November 6, 2018

The Köchel-Verzeichnis or Köchelverzeichnis is a chronological catalogue of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, originally created by Ludwig von Köchel, in which the entries are abbreviated K.and KV. The numbers of the Köchel catalogue reflect the continuing establishment of a complete chronology of Mozart’s works, and provide a shorthand reference to the compositions.

According to Köchel’s counting, Requiem in D minor is the 626th piece Mozart composed, thus is designated either K. 626 or KV 626; however, his original catalogue (1862) of Mozart has been twice revised, and some works have had three KV. numbers, e.g. Mozart’s Horn Concerto No. 1, K. (412+514)/386b.

Source: Köchel catalogue – Wikipedia

Help:IPA/Standard German

jovan November 6, 2018
Consonants
Germany Austria Switzerland Examples English approximation
DE AT CH
b bei[1] ball
ç ich, durch; China (DE) hue
d dann[1] done
f für, von, Phänomen fuss
ɡ gut[1] guest
h hat hut
j Jahr yard
k kann, Tag,[2] cremen, sechs cold
l Leben last
l̩ Mantel bottle
m Mann must
m̩ Atem rhythm
n Name not
n̩ beiden, küssen suddenly
ŋ lang long
p Person, ab[2] puck
pf Pfeffer roughly like cupful
ʁ r reden[3] DE: French rouge
AT, CH: red (Scottish)
s lassen, Haus, groß fast
ʃ schon, Stadt, Champagner, Ski shall
t Tag, und, Stadt[2] tall
ts Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle cats
tʃ Matsch match
v was,[1] Vase, Etui vanish
x nach loch (no lock–loch merger)
z Sie, diese[1] zebra
ʔ beamtet[4]
([bəˈʔamtət])		 the glottal stops in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ Cem, Dschungel[1][5] jungle
ʒ Genie[1][5] pleasure
Stress
ˈ Bahnhofstraße
([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])		 as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ
Vowels
Germany Austria Switzerland Examples English approximation
DE AT CH
Monophthongs
a alles, Kalender father, but short
aː aber, sah, Staat father, but long
ɛ Ende, hätte bet
ɛː spät, wählen[6] RP hair
eː eben, Pferd, gehen, Meer mate
ɪ ist, bitte sit
iː liebe, Berlin, ihm seed
ɔ Osten, kommen off
oː oder, hohe, Boot RP law
œ öffnen somewhat like hurt
øː Österreich somewhat like heard
ʊ und push
uː Hut, Kuh food
ʏ müssen, Ypsilon somewhat like cute
yː über, Mühe somewhat like few
Diphthongs
aɪ ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih high
aʊ auf, Haus vow
ɔʏ Euro, Häuser roughly like choice
Reduced vowels
ɐ ər immer[3] nut or sofa (but not balance)[7]
CH: Scottish butter
ə Name balance (but not sofa)[7]
Semivowels
ɐ̯ r Uhr[3] DE, AT: sofa
CH: Scottish far
i̯ Studie yard
u̯ aktuell would
Non-native vowels
ãː Gourmand[8] French Provence
ɛ̃ː Pointe[8] French quinze
ɛɪ Mail[9] roughly like face
õː Garçon[8] French Le Monde
ɔʊ Code[9] American goat
œ̃ː Parfum[8] French emprunte
œːɐ̯ øːr O2 World[10] roughly like RP bird
Shortened vowels
ã engagieren[8] French chanson
ɛ̃ impair[8] French vingt-et-un
e Element[11] dress
i Italien[11] teach, but short
o originell[11] RP thought, but short
õ foncé[8] French Mont Blanc
œ̃ Lundist[8] French vingt-et-un
ø Ökonom[11] somewhat like hurt
u Universität[11] truth, but short
y Psychologie[11] like meet, but short and with the lips rounded

Source: Help:IPA/Standard German – Wikipedia

Rudolf Clausius

jovan October 17, 2018

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.[1] By his restatement of Sadi Carnot‘s principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, “On the Moving Force of Heat”,[2] published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat.[3]